The Dutch West India Company Sent Families to Settle the Area Near Quebec.

17th century Dutch colony in North America

New Netherland

Nieuw Nederland

1614–1667
1673–1674

Flag

Seal

New Netherland map published by Nicolaes Visscher II (1649–1702)

Status

Dutch colony

Capital

New Amsterdam

Mutual languages

Dutch^[i] ^[ii]

Faith

Dutch Reformed^[3]

History

• Established

1614

• Disestablished

1667
1673–1674

Currency

Dutch rijksdaalder, leeuwendaalder

Succeeded by

Province of New York
Province of New Bailiwick of jersey
Province of Pennsylvania
Delaware Colony
Connecticut Colony
Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations

Today function of

The states
- Delaware
- New Jersey
- New York
- Pennsylvania

New Netherland (Dutch: Nieuw Nederland; Latin: Nova Belgica or Novum Kingdom of belgium ) was a 17th-century colony of the Dutch Democracy that was located on what is now the E Coast of the United States. The claimed territories extended from the Delmarva Peninsula to southwestern Cape Cod, while the more limited settled areas are now office of New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Connecticut, with small outposts in Pennsylvania and Rhode Isle.

The colony was conceived past the Dutch Due west India Visitor (WIC) in 1621 to capitalize on the North American fur merchandise. The invasion was slowed at start because of policy mismanagement by the WIC, and conflicts with Native Americans. The settlement of New Sweden by the Swedish South Company encroached on its southern flank, while its eastern edge was redrawn to accommodate an expanding New England Confederation.

The colony experienced dramatic growth during the 1650s, and became a major port for merchandise in the due north Atlantic Ocean. The Dutch surrendered Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan isle to England in 1664 (formalized in 1667), during the Second Anglo-Dutch War. In 1673, the Dutch retook the area only relinquished it nether the Treaty of Westminster (1674) that ended the Third Anglo-Dutch War the next year.

The inhabitants of New Netherland were European colonists, Native Americans, and Africans imported as slave laborers. Non including Native Americans, the colonial population, many of whom were non of Dutch descent,^[4] ^[5] ^[vi] was 1,500 to ii,000 in 1650, and 8,000 to 9,000 at the time of transfer to England in 1674.

Origin [edit]

Map of New Netherland and New England, with due north to the correct

During the 17th century, Europe was undergoing expansive social, cultural, and economic growth known as the Dutch Aureate Age in holland. Nations vied for domination of lucrative trade routes around the globe, particularly those to Asia.^[7] Simultaneously, philosophical and theological conflicts were manifested in military battles throughout the European continent. The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands had become a home to many intellectuals, international businessmen, and religious refugees. In the Americas, the English had a settlement at Jamestown, Virginia, the French had small settlements at Port Royal and Quebec, and the Spanish were developing colonies to exploit trade in South America and the Caribbean.^[viii]

In 1609, English sea captain and explorer Henry Hudson was hired by the Dutch E Republic of india Company (VOC) located in Amsterdam to find a Northeast Passage to Asia, sailing effectually Scandinavia and Russia. He was turned dorsum past the ice of the Arctic in his 2nd try, so he sailed west to seek a Northwest Passage rather than render habitation. He ended up exploring the waters off the e coast of America aboard the Flyboat Halve Maen. His offset landfall was at Newfoundland and the second at Cape Cod.

Hudson believed that the passage to the Pacific Ocean was between the St. Lawrence River and Chesapeake Bay, so he sailed south to the Bay, so turned northward, traveling shut along the shore. He discovered Delaware Bay and began to canvass upriver looking for the passage. This effort was foiled by sandy shoals, and the Halve Maen continued north. After passing Sandy Hook, Hudson and his crew entered the Narrows into the Upper New York Bay. (The Narrows was documented in 1524 past explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano, and the modern bridge spanning them is named afterwards him.)^[ix] Hudson believed that he had found the continental h2o road, so he sailed upward the major river that now bears his name. He found the h2o too shallow to proceed several days later at the site of Troy, New York.^[ten]

Upon returning to holland, Hudson reported that he had constitute a fertile country and an amicable people willing to engage his crew in minor bartering of furs, trinkets, dress, and small manufactured goods. His report was start published in 1611 by Emanuel Van Meteren, the Dutch Consul at London. This stimulated interest^[eleven] in exploiting this new trade resource, and it was the goad for Dutch merchant-traders to fund more expeditions. Merchants such as Arnout Vogels sent the start follow-up voyages to exploit this discovery as early as July 1610.

In 1611–12, the Admiralty of Amsterdam sent 2 covert expeditions to find a passage to Red china with the yachts Craen and Vos, captained past Jan Cornelisz Mey and Symon Willemsz Cat respectively. Adriaen Cake, Hendrick Christiaensen, and Cornelius Jacobsen Mey explored, surveyed, and mapped the area between Maryland and Massachusetts in four voyages made between 1611 and 1614. These surveys and charts were consolidated in Block's map, which used the name New Netherland for the first fourth dimension; it was also called Nova Belgica on maps. During this period, there was some trading with the Indian population.

Fur trader Juan (January) Rodriguez was born in Santo Domingo of Portuguese and African descent. He arrived in Manhattan during the winter of 1613–14, trapping for pelts and trading with the Indians as a representative of the Dutch. He was the offset recorded not-native inhabitant of New York City.^[12] ^[13] ^[14]

Development [edit]

Chartered trading companies [edit]

The storehouse of the Dutch West Bharat Company in Amsterdam, built in 1642, became the headquarters of the lath in 1647 because of fiscal difficulties after the loss of Dutch Brazil.

The immediate and intense competition among Dutch trading companies in the newly charted areas led to disputes in Amsterdam and calls for regulation. U.s.a. General was the governing body of the Republic of the Vii United Netherlands, and it proclaimed on 17 March 1614, that it would grant an exclusive patent for trade between the 40th and 45th parallels. This monopoly would be valid for 4 voyages, and all four voyages had to be undertaken within three years of the award. The New Netherland Company was an brotherhood of trading companies, and they used Adrian Block's map to win a patent that expired on 1 Jan 1618.^[15]

The New Netherland Company also ordered a survey of the Delaware Valley, and Cornelis Hendricksz of Monnickendam explored the Zuyd Rivier (Due south River) in 1616 from its bay to its northernmost navigable reaches. His observations were preserved in a map drawn in 1616. Hendricksz made his voyages aboard the IJseren Vercken (Fe Hog), a vessel built in America. Despite the survey, the company was unable to secure an exclusive patent from us General for the area betwixt the 38th and 40th parallels.^[16]

The States Full general issued patents in 1614 for the development of New Netherland as a private, commercial venture. Soon after, traders congenital Fort Nassau on Castle Isle in the expanse of Albany up Hudson'southward river. The fort was to defend river traffic against interlopers and to carry fur trading operations with the Indians. The location of the fort proved to be impractical, nonetheless, due to repeated flooding of the island in the summers, and information technology was abandoned in 1618^[17] when the patent expired.

The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands granted a charter to the Dutch West India Visitor (WIC) (Geoctroyeerde Westindische Compagnie) on iii June 1621,^[18] which gave the company the sectional right to operate in Westward Africa (betwixt the Tropic of Cancer and the Greatcoat of Good Hope) and the Americas.^[xviii]

Willem Usselincx was i of the founders of the WIC, and he promoted the concept that a main goal of the company should be to establish colonies in the New Earth. In 1620, Usselincx fabricated a last appeal to the States General, which rejected his principal vision as a primary goal. The legislators preferred the formula of trading posts with small populations and a military machine presence to protect them, which was working in the East Indies, versus encouraging mass clearing and establishing big colonies. The company did not focus on colonization in America until 1654, when it was forced to give up Dutch Brazil and forfeit the richest sugar-producing area in the world.

Pre-colonial population [edit]

The showtime trading partners of the New Netherlanders were the Algonquins who lived in the area.^[19] The Dutch depended on the Indians to capture, skin, and deliver pelts to them, especially beaver. It is likely that Hudson's peaceful contact with the Mahicans encouraged them to constitute Fort Nassau in 1614, the starting time of many garrisoned trading stations. In 1628, the Mohawks (members of the Iroquois Confederacy) conquered the Mahicans, who retreated to Connecticut. The Mohawks gained a near-monopoly in the fur merchandise with the Dutch, equally they controlled the upstate Adirondacks and Mohawk Valley through the centre of New York.^[20]

The Algonquin Lenape population around New York Bay and along the lower Hudson River were seasonally migrational people. The Dutch called the numerous band collectively the River Indians,^[20] ^[21] known the exonyms associated with place names as the Wecquaesgeek, Hackensacks, Raritans, Canarsee, and Tappans. These groups had the nearly frequent contact with the New Netherlanders. The Munsee inhabited the Highlands, Hudson Valley, and northern New Bailiwick of jersey,^[xx] while the Susquehannocks lived west of the Delaware River along the Susquehanna River, which the Dutch regarded equally their boundary with Virginia.

Company policy required land to be purchased from the Indians. The Dutch West Republic of india Company would offer a land patent, and the recipient would be responsible for negotiating a deal with representatives of the local tribes, usually the sachem or high primary. The Indians referred to the Dutch colonists equally Swannekins, or table salt water people; they had vastly different conceptions of buying and apply of state than the colonists did, and difficulties sometimes arose concerning the expectations on both sides.^[20] The colonists idea that their proffer of gifts in the class of sewant or manufactured appurtenances was a trade agreement and defense alliance, which gave them exclusive rights to farming, hunting, and fishing. Ofttimes, the Indians did not vacate the property, or reappeared seasonally according to their migration patterns. They were willing to share the country with the colonists, but the Indians did not intend to exit or surrender access. This misunderstanding and other differences led to violent conflict afterwards. At the same time, such differences marked the beginnings of a multicultural society.^[22]

Early on settlement [edit]

Map showing the area claimed by the Dutch in North-America and several Dutch settlements, against modern country boundaries

Like the French in the north, the Dutch focused their interest on the fur merchandise. To that end, they cultivated contingent relations with the V Nations of the Iroquois to procure greater access to key central regions from which the skins came.

The Dutch encouraged a kind of feudal aristocracy over time, to attract settlers to the region of the Hudson River, in what became known as the organization of the Lease of Freedoms and Exemptions. Further south, a Swedish trading company that had ties with the Dutch tried to found its first settlement along the Delaware River 3 years later on. Without resources to consolidate its position, New Sweden was gradually absorbed past New Kingdom of the netherlands and later in Pennsylvania and Delaware.

The primeval Dutch settlement was built around 1613, and consisted of a number of modest huts built by the crew of the "Tijger" (Tiger), a Dutch ship under the command of Helm Adriaen Cake, which had caught fire while sailing on the Hudson.^[23] Soon after, the first of two Fort Nassaus was built, and pocket-sized factorijen or trading posts went up, where commerce could be conducted with the Algonquian and Iroquois population, possibly at Schenectady, Esopus, Quinnipiac, Communipaw, and elsewhere.

In 1617, Dutch colonists built a fort at the confluence of the Hudson and Mohawk Rivers where Albany now stands. In 1624, New Netherland became a province of the Dutch Republic, which had lowered the northern edge of its North American dominion to 42 degrees latitude in acknowledgment of the merits by the English language north of Cape Cod.^{[nb 1]} The Dutch named the iii main rivers of the province the Zuyd Rivier (S River), the Noort Rivier (Northward River), and the Versche Rivier (Fresh River). Discovery, charting, and permanent settlement were needed to maintain a territorial claim. To this end in May 1624, the WIC landed xxx families at Fort Orange and Noten Eylant (today's Governors Isle) at the mouth of the North River. They disembarked from the ship New Netherland, under the command of Cornelis Jacobsz May, the first Director of the New Netherland. He was replaced the following year past Willem Verhulst.

In June 1625, 45 additional colonists disembarked on Noten Eylant from three ships named Equus caballus, Cow, and Sheep, which also delivered 103 horses, steers, cows, pigs, and sheep. Most settlers were dispersed to the various garrisons built across the territory: upstream to Fort Orangish, to Kievits Hoek on the Fresh River, and Fort Wilhelmus on the Southward River.^[24] ^[25] ^[26] Many of the settlers were not Dutch but Walloons, French Huguenots, or Africans (almost equally enslaved labor, some later on gaining "one-half-free" condition).^[27] ^[28]

Due north River and The Manhattans [edit]

Map (c. 1639), Manhattan situated on the North River (North arrow pointing to the right)

Peter Minuit became Director of the New Netherland in 1626 and fabricated a decision that profoundly afflicted the new colony. Originally, the capital of the province was to be located on the South River,^[29] but it was soon realized that the location was susceptible to mosquito infestation in the summer and the freezing of its waterways in the winter. He chose instead the isle of Manhattan at the mouth of the river explored past Hudson, at that time chosen the North River.

Minuit traded some goods with the local population,^[30] and reported that he had purchased it from the natives, as was company policy. He ordered the construction of Fort Amsterdam at its southern tip, effectually which grew the eye of the province called The Manhattoes in the vernacular of the day, rather than New Netherland.^[31] ^[32]

The port urban center of New Amsterdam exterior the walls of the fort became a major hub for trade between North America, the Caribbean, and Europe, and the place where raw materials were loaded, such every bit pelts, lumber, and tobacco. Sanctioned privateering contributed to its growth. Information technology was given its municipal charter in 1653,^[33] past which time the Commonality of New Amsterdam included the isle of Manhattan, Staaten Eylandt, Pavonia, and the Lange Eylandt towns.^[34]

In the hope of encouraging immigration, the Dutch West India Company established the Lease of Freedoms and Exemptions in 1629, which gave it the power to offer vast land grants and the title of patroon to some of its invested members.^[35] The vast tracts were called patroonships, and the title came with powerful manorial rights and privileges, such as the creation of civil and criminal courts and the appointing of local officials. In render, a patroon was required by the Company to establish a settlement of at least fifty families within four years^[36] who would alive as tenant farmers. Of the original five patents given, the largest and merely truly successful endeavour was Rensselaerswyck,^[37] at the highest navigable indicate on the North River,^[38] which became the main thoroughfare of the province. Beverwijck grew from a trading post to a bustling, contained town in the midst of Rensselaerwyck, as did Wiltwyck, s of the patroonship in Esopus land.

Kieft's War [edit]

Willem Kieft was Director of New Netherland from 1638 until 1647. The colony had grown somewhat before his inflow, reaching 8,000 population in 1635. Yet it did not flourish, and Kieft was under pressure to cutting costs. At this time, Indian tribes which had signed mutual defence force treaties with the Dutch were gathering virtually the colony due to widespread warfare and dislocation amongst the tribes to the north. At first, he suggested collecting tribute from the Indians,^[39] equally was common amidst the various dominant tribes, but his demands were just ignored past the Tappan and Wecquaesgeek. Subsequently, a colonist was murdered in an human action of revenge for some killings that had taken place years earlier and the Indians refused to plough over the perpetrator. Kieft suggested that they be taught a lesson by ransacking their villages. In an attempt to gain public support, he created the citizens commission the Council of Twelve Men.

The Council did not rubber-stamp his ideas, equally he had expected them to, but took the opportunity to mention grievances that they had with the company'south mismanagement and its unresponsiveness to their suggestions. Kieft thanked and disbanded them and, against their advice, ordered that groups of Tappan and Wecquaesgeek be attacked at Pavonia and Corlear's Hook, fifty-fifty though they had sought refuge from their more than powerful Mahican enemies per their treaty understandings with the Dutch. The massacre left 130 dead. Inside days, the surrounding tribes united and rampaged the countryside, in a unique motility, forcing settlers who escaped to find safety at Fort Amsterdam. For two years, a series of raids and reprisals raged across the province, until 1645 when Kieft's State of war concluded with a treaty, in a large part brokered past the Hackensack sagamore Oratam.^[20]

The colonists were disenchanted with Kieft, his ignorance of indigenous peoples, and the unresponsiveness of the WIC to their rights and requests, and they submitted the Remonstrance of New Netherland to the States Full general.^[40] This document was written past Leiden-educated New Netherland lawyer Adriaen van der Donck, condemning the WIC for mismanagement and demanding full rights every bit citizens of the province of holland.^[22]

Managing director-General Stuyvesant [edit]

Peter Stuyvesant arrived in New Amsterdam in 1647, the but governor of the colony to be called Director-Full general. Some years before state buying policy was liberalized and trading was somewhat deregulated, and many New Netherlanders considered themselves entrepreneurs in a free marketplace. The population had reached about fifteen,000, including 500 on Manhattan Island.^[22]

During the period of his governorship, the province experienced exponential growth.^[37] Demands were made upon Stuyvesant from all sides: the West Republic of india Visitor, u.s. General, and the New Netherlanders. Dutch territory was existence nibbled at by the English to the north and the Swedes to the southward, while in the heart of the province the Esopus were trying to contain further Dutch expansion. Discontent in New Amsterdam led locals to dispatch Adriaen van der Donck back to the United Provinces to seek redress. Later on nearly three years of legal and political wrangling, the Dutch Government came down against the WIC, granting the colony a measure of self-regime and recalling Stuyvesant in April 1652. However, the orders were rescinded with the outbreak of the Commencement Anglo-Dutch War a month later on.^[22] Military battles were occurring in the Caribbean and along the South Atlantic coast. In 1654, the Netherlands lost New Holland in Brazil to Portugal, encouraging some of its residents to emigrate north and making the Due north American colonies more highly-seasoned to some investors. The Esopus Wars are so named for the co-operative of Lenape that lived around Wiltwijck, today'due south Kingston, which was the Dutch settlement on the due west bank of Hudson River betwixt Beverwyk and New Amsterdam. These conflicts were generally over settlement of state by New Netherlanders for which contracts had not been antiseptic, and were seen by the natives as an unwanted incursion into their territory. Previously, the Esopus, a clan of the Munsee Lenape, had much less contact with the River Indians and the Mohawks.^[41] According to historian Eleanor Bruchey:

Peter Stuyvesant was essentially a difficult human thrust into a hard position. Quick tempered, self-confident, and authoritarian, he was determined...to rule firmly and to repair the fortunes of the visitor. The company, even so, had run the colony solely for trade profits, with scant attending to encouraging clearing and developing local regime. Stuyvesant's predecessors...had been quack or, at best, inept, so at that place was no tradition of respect and back up for the governorship on which he could build. Furthermore, the colonists were song and quick to challenge authority....Throughout his assistants there were constant complaints to the company of his tyrannical acts and force per unit area for more local self-regime....His religious intolerance likewise exacerbated relations with the colonists, most of whom did not share his narrow outlook.^[42]

Society [edit]

Historical population
Year	Popular.	±%
1630	350	—
1640	2,030	+480.0%
1650	4,301	+111.nine%
1660	v,476	+27.three%
Source: 1630–1660;^[43]

New Netherlanders were non necessarily Dutch, and New Netherland was never a homogeneous society.^[2] Governor Peter Minuit was a Walloon born in Germany who spoke English and worked for a Dutch company.^[44] The term New Netherland Dutch generally includes all the Europeans who came to live there,^[i] but may also refer to Africans, Indo-Caribbeans, S Americans, and even the Indians who were integral to the club. Dutch was the official linguistic communication and probable the lingua franca of the province, although other languages were too spoken.^[2] There were various Algonquian languages; Walloons and Huguenots tended to speak French, and Scandinavians and Germans brought their own tongues. It is likely that the Africans on Manhattan spoke their mother tongues but were taught Dutch from 1638 past Adam Roelantsz van Dokkum.^[45] The arrival of refugees from New Holland in Brazil may have brought speakers of Portuguese, Castilian, and Ladino (with Hebrew as a liturgical language). Commercial activity in the harbor could accept been transacted simultaneously in whatever of a number of tongues.^[46]

The Dutch West Republic of india Visitor introduced slavery in 1625 with the importation of xi black slaves who worked as farmers, fur traders, and builders. They had a few basic rights and families were usually kept intact. They were admitted to the Dutch Reformed Church and married past its ministers, and their children could be baptized. Slaves could testify in courtroom, sign legal documents, and bring civil actions against whites. Some were permitted to work after hours earning wages equal to those paid to white workers. When the colony fell, the company freed the slaves, establishing early on a nucleus of complimentary negros.^[47]

The Union of Utrecht is the founding certificate of the Dutch Republic, signed in 1579, and information technology stated "that everyone shall remain costless in religion and that no one may be persecuted or investigated because of organized religion". The Dutch West India Company, notwithstanding, established the Reformed Church building as the official religious establishment of New Netherland.^[3] Its successor church is the Reformed Church in America. The colonists had to concenter the Indians and other non-believers to God's word, "through attitude and by example" but not "to persecute someone by reason of his faith, and to exit anybody the freedom of his conscience", In addition, the laws and ordinances of usa of Holland were incorporated past reference in those first instructions to the Governors Isle settlers in 1624. In that location were two test cases during Stuyvesant's governorship in which the rule prevailed: the official granting of full residency for both Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews in New Amsterdam in 1655, and the Flushing Remonstrance involving Quakers in 1657.^[48] ^[49]

Expansion and incursion [edit]

Southward River and New Sweden [edit]

Autonomously from the second Fort Nassau, and the modest community that supported it, settlement along the Zuyd Rivier was limited. An attempt by patroons of Zwaanendael, Samuel Blommaert and Samuel Godijn was destroyed past the local population soon afterwards its founding in 1631 during the absence of their amanuensis, David Pietersen de Vries.

Peter Minuit, who had construed a act for Manhattan (and was soon afterwards dismissed as director), knew that the Dutch would be unable to defend the southern flank of their Due north American territory and had non signed treaties with or purchased land from the Minquas. Afterward gaining the back up from the Queen of Sweden, he chose the southern banks of the Delaware Bay to constitute a colony there, which he did in 1638, calling it Fort Christina, New Sweden. As expected, the authorities at New Amsterdam took no other action than to protest. Other settlements sprang up as colony grew, mostly populated by Swedes, Finns, Germans, and Dutch. In 1651, Fort Nassau was dismantled and relocated in an attempt to disrupt trade and reassert control, receiving the name Fort Casimir. Fort Beversreede was built in the same year, but was brusque-lived. In 1655, Stuyvesant led a military expedition and regained command of the region, calling its principal boondocks "New Amstel" (Nieuw-Amstel).^[fifty] During this expedition, some villages and plantations at the Manhattans (Pavonia and Staten Island) were attacked in an incident that is known as the Peach Tree War.^[22] These raids are sometimes considered revenge for the murder of an Indian girl attempting to pluck a peach, though it was probable that they were a retaliation for the attacks at New Sweden.^[22] ^[51] A new experimental settlement was begun in 1673, just before the British takeover in 1674. Franciscus van den Enden had drawn up lease for a utopian society that included equal educational activity of all classes, joint ownership of belongings, and a democratically elected government.^[22] Pieter Corneliszoon Plockhoy attempted such a settlement nigh the site of Zwaanendael, simply it presently expired under English dominion.^[52]

Fresh River and New England [edit]

Nicolaes Visscher I (1618–1679), Novi Belgii Novæque Angliæ, reprint of 1685 which is not a completely correct representation of the situation at the time. The border with New England had been adjusted to l miles (80 km) west of the Fresh River, while the Lange Eylandt towns west of Oyster Bay were under Dutch jurisdiction.

Few Dutch settlers to New Netherland fabricated their home at Fort Goede Hoop on the Fresh River. Every bit early as 1637, English settlers from the Massachusetts Bay Colony began to settle forth its banks and on Lange Eylandt, some with permission from the colonial government and others with complete disregard for information technology. The English colonies grew more quickly than New Netherland as they were motivated by a desire to establish communities with religious roots, rather than for trade purposes. The wal or rampart was originally built at Wall Street due to fear of an invasion by the English language.

Initially, there was limited contact betwixt New Englanders and New Netherlanders, but the 2 provinces engaged in direct diplomatic relations with a swelling English language population and territorial disputes. The New England Confederation was formed in 1643 every bit a political and military alliance of the English colonies of Massachusetts, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven.^[53] Connecticut and New Haven were actually on land claimed by the United Provinces, but the Dutch were unable to populate or militarily defend their territorial claim and therefore could practice nothing just protestation the growing flood of English language settlers. With the 1650 Treaty of Hartford, Stuyvesant provisionally ceded the Connecticut River region to New England, drawing New Netherland'southward eastern border 50 Dutch miles (approximately 250 km) west of the Connecticut'southward mouth on the mainland and just west of Oyster Bay on Long Island. The Dutch West India Visitor refused to recognize the treaty, but it failed to reach whatsoever other understanding with the English language, and so the Hartford Treaty set the de facto edge. Connecticut mostly assimilated into New England.

Capitulation, restitution, and concession [edit]

In March 1664, Charles 2 of England, Scotland, and Ireland resolved to addendum New Netherland and "bring all his Kingdoms under one course of government, both in church and country, and to install the Anglican government every bit in old England". The directors of the Dutch West Republic of india Company concluded that the religious liberty that they offered in New Netherland would dissuade English colonists from working toward their removal. They wrote to Director-General Peter Stuyvesant:

[W]due east are in hopes that as the English at the north (in New Netherland) have removed mostly from erstwhile England for the causes aforesaid, they will not requite us henceforth then much trouble, but prefer to live free under the states at peace with their consciences than to risk getting rid of our authority and so falling once again under a government from which they had formerly fled.^[54]

Image of "Nieuw Amsterdam" made in 1664, the yr that information technology was surrendered to English forces nether Richard Nicolls

On 27 August 1664, four English frigates led by Richard Nicolls sailed into New Amsterdam's harbor and demanded New Netherland'southward surrender.^[55] ^[56] They met no resistance to the capture of New Amsterdam because numerous citizens' requests for protection had gone unheeded past a suitable Dutch garrison confronting "the sorry and tragic massacres" by the Indians. That lack of acceptable fortification, ammunition, and manpower fabricated New Amsterdam defenseless, and the West India Company had been indifferent to previous pleas for reinforcement of men and ships confronting "the continual troubles, threats, encroachments and invasions of the English language neighbors". Stuyvesant negotiated successfully for good terms from his "as well powerful enemies".^[57] In the Articles of Surrender of New Netherland, he and his council secured the principle of religious tolerance in Article Viii, which assured that New Netherlanders "shall continue and savor the liberty of their consciences in religion" under English rule. The Articles were largely observed in New Amsterdam and the Hudson River Valley, but were violated in another role of the conquest of New Netherland along the Delaware River, where Colonel Sir Robert Carr expropriated belongings for his own use and sold Dutch prisoners of war into slavery. Nicolls somewhen forced Carr to return some of the expropriated belongings.^[58] ^[59] In add-on, a Mennonite settlement led by Pieter Corneliszoon Plockhoy near Lewes, Delaware was destroyed.^[sixty] The 1667 Treaty of Breda concluded the Second Anglo-Dutch State of war; the Dutch did not press their claims on New Netherland, and the status quo was maintained, with the Dutch occupying Suriname and the nutmeg island of Run.

Within six years, the nations were again at war. The Dutch recaptured New Netherland in Baronial 1673 with a armada of 21 ships led by Vice Admiral Cornelius Evertsen and Commodore Jacob Binckes, then the largest always seen in America. They chose Anthony Colve as governor and renamed the city New Orange, reflecting the installation of William of Orangish as Stadtholder of Holland in 1672; he became King William III of England in 1689. Nevertheless, the Dutch Republic was bankrupt after the conclusion of the Third Anglo-Dutch War in 1672–1674, the historic "disaster years" in which the republic was simultaneously attacked by the French under Louis Fourteen, the English, the Prince-Bishop of Münster, and Archbishop-Elector of Cologne. The States of Zeeland had tried to convince the States of The netherlands to take on the responsibility for the New Netherland province, but to no avail. In Nov 1674, the Treaty of Westminster concluded the war and ceded New Netherland to the English.^[61]

Legacy [edit]

The original settlement has grown into the largest city in the United States, seen here in 2006

New Netherland grew into the largest urban center in the United States, and it left an enduring legacy on American cultural and political life,^[62] "a secular broadmindedness and mercantile pragmatism"^[fourteen] greatly influenced past the social and political climate in the Dutch Republic at the time, besides as by the character of those who immigrated to information technology.^[63] It was during the early British colonial menses that the New Netherlanders actually developed the land and society that had an indelible impact on the Capital District, the Hudson Valley, Northward Jersey, western Long Isle, New York City, Fairfield Canton, and ultimately the The states.^[14]

Political culture [edit]

The concept of tolerance was the mainstay of the province'due south Dutch female parent country. The Dutch Republic was a oasis for many religious and intellectual refugees fleeing oppression, as well equally home to the globe's major ports in the newly developing global economy. Concepts of religious freedom and free-trade (including a stock market) were Netherlands imports. In 1682, visiting Virginian William Byrd commented about New Amsterdam that "they have equally many sects of religion there equally at Amsterdam".

The Dutch Commonwealth was i of the offset nation-states of Europe where citizenship and ceremonious liberties were extended to large segments of the population. The framers of the U.S. Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Democracy of the United Provinces, though that influence was more every bit an instance of things to avoid than of things to imitate.^[64] In addition, the Human action of Abjuration, essentially the annunciation of independence of the United Provinces from the Spanish throne, is strikingly like to the subsequently American Annunciation of Independence,^[65] though there is no concrete evidence that one influenced the other. John Adams went so far every bit to say that "the origins of the ii Republics are so much akin that the history of 1 seems but a transcript from that of the other."^[66] The Articles of Capitulation (outlining the terms of transfer to the English) in 1664^[57] provided for the right to worship as ane wished, and were incorporated into subsequent city, land, and national constitutions in the Usa, and are the legal and cultural lawmaking that lies at the root of the New York Tri-Country traditions.^[67]

Many prominent U.S. citizens are Dutch American straight descended from the Dutch families of New Netherland.^[68] The Roosevelt family produced ii Presidents and are descended from Claes van Roosevelt, who emigrated around 1650.^[69] The Van Buren family of President Martin Van Buren too originated in New Netherland.^[7] The Bush family descendants from Flora Sheldon are descendants from the Schuyler family.

External threats [edit]

The colony of New Netherland had severe external bug. The population was also small and contentious, and the Company provided footling military machine support. Stuyvesant was commonly the loser. The most serious was the economic rivalry with England regarding trade. Secondarily there were pocket-size calibration military conflicts with neighboring Indian tribes, involving fights between mobile bands on the one hand, and scattered small Dutch outposts on the other. With a large surface area and limited population, defence was a major challenge. Stuyvesant greatest success came in dealing with nearby Swedish colonies, which he defeated and annexed in 1655. Relations with the English colony of Connecticut were strained, with disputes over ownership of land in the Connecticut valley, and in eastern Long island. The treaty of Hartford of 1650 was advantageous to the English, every bit Stuyvesant gave up claims to the Connecticut Valley while gaining only a small portion of Long isle. In any case Connecticut settlers ignored the treaty and steadily poured into the Hudson Valley, where they agitated against Stuyvesant. In 1664 England moved to take over New Netherland. The Dutch colonists refused to fight, forcing Stuyvesant'southward give up, demonstrating the dilemma of domestic dissatisfaction, pocket-size size, and overwhelming external pressures with inadequate military back up from the Company that was fixated on profits.^[lxx]

Lore [edit]

The Prinsenvlag or "Prince's Flag", featuring the blueish, white, and orange of some flags in the region

The blue, white, and orange on the flags of New York Metropolis, Albany and Jersey Urban center are those of the Prinsenvlag ("Prince's Flag"), introduced in the 17th century as the Statenvlag ("States Flag"), the naval flag of the States General of kingdom of the netherlands.^{[ commendation needed ]} The flag and seal of Nassau County depicting the arms of the House of Nassau in the middle. The seven arrows in the lion'south claw in the Dutch Republic'south glaze of arms was a precedent for the thirteen arrows in the hawkeye's claw in the Great Seal of the United States.^[71]

Washington Irving's satirical A History of New York and its famous fictional author Diedrich Knickerbocker had a big impact on the pop view of New Netherland's legacy. Irving's romantic vision of a Dutch yeomanry dominated the popular imagination about the colony since its publication in 1809.^[72] The tradition of Santa Claus is thought to accept developed from a souvenir-giving celebration of the feast of Saint Nicholas on December 5 each year by the settlers of New Netherland.^[22] ^[73] The Dutch Sinterklaas was changed to "Santa Claus", a name kickoff used in the American press in 1773,^[74] when Nicholas was used as a symbol of New York's non-British by.^[75] Withal, many of the "traditions" of Santa Claus may take only been invented past Irving in his 1809 Knickerbocker'due south History of New York from The First of the World To the End of The Dutch Dynasty.^[73]

Language and place names [edit]

The Noort Rivier was i of the iii principal rivers in New Netherland.

Dutch connected to be spoken in the region for some time. President Martin Van Buren grew upwardly in Kinderhook, New York speaking simply Dutch, becoming the only president not to have spoken English equally a get-go linguistic communication.^[76] A dialect known as Bailiwick of jersey Dutch was spoken in and around rural Bergen and Passaic counties in New Jersey until the early 20th century.^[77] Mohawk Dutch was spoken around Albany.^[78]

Early settlers and their descendants gave many identify names that are still in apply throughout the region of New Netherland.^[7] They adjusted Indian names for locations such as Manhattan, Hackensack, Sing-Sing, and Canarsie. Peekskill, Catskill, and Cresskill all refer to the streams, or kils, effectually which they grew. Among those that use hoek, meaning corner,^[79] are Red Hook, Sandy Hook, Constable Hook, and Kinderhook.

References [edit]

Explanatory notes [edit]

^ See John Smith's 1616 map equally self-appointed Admiral of New England.

Citations [edit]

^ ^a ^b "The New Netherland Dutch". The People of Colonial Albany alive here. February 2003.
^ ^a ^b ^c Shorto, Russell (Nov 27, 2003). "The Un-Pilgrims — The New York Times". The New York Times (New York ed.). p. 39. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 6, 2009.
^ ^a ^b Wentz, Abel Ross (1955). "New Netherland and New York". A Basic History of Lutheranism in America. Philadelphia: Muhlenberg Press. p. half-dozen.
^ Peter Eisenstadt, ed. Encyclopedia of New York Country (Syracuse Upwardly, 2005) p. 1051.
^ Scheltema, Gajus and Westerhuijs, Heleen. Exploring Celebrated Dutch New York, 2013.
^ Oliver A. Rink, The netherlands on the Hudson: An Economic and Social History of Dutch New York, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1986, p. 156.
^ ^a ^b ^c "The Dutch in America, 1609–1664" (The Library of Congress Global Gateway). The Atlantic Earth (in English and Dutch).
^ Sandler, Corey (2007). Henry Hudson Dreams and Obsession. ISBN978-08065-2739-0.
^ Wroth, Lawrence (1970). The Voyages of Giovanni da Verrazzano, 1524–1528. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN0-300-01207-1.
^ Nieuwe Wereldt ofte Beschrijvinghe van West-Indien, uit veelerhande Schriften ende Aen-teekeningen van verscheyden Natien (Leiden, Bonaventure & Abraham Elseviers, 1625)p.84
^ Nieuwe Wereldt ofte Beschrijvinghe van Westward-Indien, uit veelerhande Schriften ende Aen-teekeningen van verscheyden Natien (Leiden, Bonaventure & Abraham Elseviers, 1625) p.84
^ Juan Rodriguez monograph. Ccny.cuny.edu. Retrieved on July 23, 2013.
^ Honoring Juan Rodriguez, a Settler of New York – NYTimes.com. Cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com. Retrieved on July 23, 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c Paumgarten, Nick (August 31, 2009). "Useless Beauty – What is to be done with Governors Isle?". The New Yorker (LXXXV, No 26 ed.). p. 56. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved September 5, 2015.
^ "Grant of Sectional Trade to New Netherland by the states-General of the United Netherlands; Oct eleven, 1614". 2008.
^ Jaap Jacobs (2005). New Netherland: A Dutch Colony In Seventeenth-Century America. Leiden: Brill. p. 35. ISBN90-04-12906-5.
^ "A Virtual Bout of New Netherland: Fort Nassau". The New Netherland Establish. Archived from the original on September 5, 2012. Retrieved June 9, 2009.
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^ Lowensteyn. Lowensteyn (Nov three, 2006). Retrieved on 2013-07-23.
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^ Welling, George M. (November 24, 2004). "The United States of America and kingdom of the netherlands: The Beginning Dutch Settlers". From Revolution to Reconstruction. Archived from the original on Feb 6, 2012.
^ Rink, Oliver A. (2001). Klien, Milton M. (ed.). The Empire State: A History of New York. Cornell University Press. p. 26. ISBN978-0-8014-3866-0.
^ Bert van Steeg. "Walen in de Wildernis". De wereld van Peter Stuyvesant (in Dutch). Archived from the original on May 17, 2008.
^ "1624 In the Unity (Eendracht)". Rootsweb Ancestry.com.
^ "Slavery in New York". world wide web.slavenorth.com.
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^ [ane] Archived June twenty, 2012, at the Wayback Car
^ Map of Long Island Townshttp://world wide web.bklyn-genealogy-info.com/Boondocks/OldBklyn.html
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^ "Atmospheric condition as Created by their Lords Burgomasters of Amsterdam". World Digital Library. 1656. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
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^ "The Patroon System / Het systeem van patroonschappen" (The Library of Congress Global Gateway). The Atlantic Earth / De Atlantische Wereld . Retrieved March vi, 2009.
^ Jacobs, Jaap (2005). New Netherland: A Dutch Colony In Seventeenth-Century America. Leiden: Brill. ISBNninety-04-12906-5. Both in the manner it was gear up up and in the extent of its rights, the council of Twelve Men, equally did the two later advisory bodies ...
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^ "Sir Robert Carr, Kt". WeRelate . Retrieved January sixteen, 2016.
^ Brook, Sanderson. "New York under James 1664–88". Retrieved January 16, 2016.
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^ Westdorp, Martina. "Behouden of opgeven ? Het lot van de nederlandse kolonie Nieuw-Nederland na de herovering op de Engelsen in 1673". De wereld van Peter Stuyvesant (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 30 June 2008. Retrieved 1 November 2008.
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^ "Last Monday, the ceremony of St. Nicholas, otherwise chosen Santa Claus, was celebrated at Protestant Hall, at Mr. Waldron's; where a bang-up number of sons of the ancient saint, the "Sons of Saint Nicholas", celebrated the day with great joy and festivity." Rivington'south Gazette (New York City), December 23, 1773.
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External links [edit]

The Mannahatta Project
Slavery in New York
The New Netherland Museum and the One-half Moon
The New Netherland Institute
Dutch Portuguese Colonial History
New Netherland and Beyond
A Cursory Outline of the History of New Netherland at the University of Notre Matriarch
Old New York: Hear Dutch names of New York

goodeinseatifee.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Netherland